Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

基于遥感数据的大尺度区域水田空间格局及生态服务价值变化分析

受经济和气候驱动，长江经济带水田空间格局发生了显著变化，影响区域粮食安全与生态安全。本研究基于1990-2015年土地利用遥感监测数据，利用GIS的空间分析功能，探究长江经济带水田空间格局动态变化特征，采用当量因子法计算生态系统服务价值（ESV），分析了水田变化的综合影响。结果表明：1）1990-2015年长江经济带水田规模持续缩减，共减少了17390km²，减幅呈增长态势具有显著地域差异，长江中上游与下游的水田减幅相差约为9.56%。其中下游减幅较大，水田占区域比例随之降低，中上游恰好相反。2）由于经济建设及水产养殖的发展，水田主要转化为建设用地和水系，水田主要由水系、旱地和湿地等转化而来。长江三角洲城市群、长江中游及成渝城市群的水田变化最为剧烈，建设用地侵占水田扩张的现象分布广泛，水田转为水系主要在两湖平原局部地区。3）水田与其他生态系统的转化对ESV是正影响，水田转为水系对此贡献最大，其转化规模决定了不同时期ESV净增量的大小，水系转化为水田损失的价值最多，建设用地侵占水田次之。不同市域的水田变化情况不一致，因此ESV增减情况具有明显差异。4）生态系统服务中水文调节、水资源供给增强的同时，食物生产、气体调节受到严重损害，与水资源规模扩大和水田资源大量流失有直接关系。研究结果有助于揭示长江流域水田的时空变化过程及其对各项生态系统服务的影响，可为区域土地利用规划、农业政策与生态可持续发展提供理论支持。     

食用菌内源脂肪酸的研究

食用菌富含膳食纤维、矿物质、微量元素、维生素和多种氨基酸,是多功能理想食物。尽管食用菌脂类物质含量较低,但包含人类必需的不饱和脂肪酸,如亚油酸、油酸和亚麻酸等。通过对食用菌脂类物质研究成果进行总结,尤其是不饱和脂肪酸种类、含量及其开发利用,以期为食用菌的资源开发提供参考。     

千岛湖森林康养基地发展路径探析 ——基于千岛湖龙川湾的调查研究

国家相关管理部门联合提出按照“环境优良、服务优质、管理完善、特色鲜明、效益明显”的要求建设一批国家森林康养基地。以浙江千岛湖龙川湾为例,分析其森林资源、地理区位、产业链、发展规模、社会合作、管理保障、三大效益等方面建设森林康养基地的优势,整合提升游憩观赏、研学文化、垂钓休闲、扶犁耕地、康养保健、疗养康复、健身拓展区域空间布局与发展举措,从康养体验、休闲体验、运动健身等方面增强千岛湖龙川湾森林康养基地功能,推进森林康养产业发展。     

基于森林健康理念的森林康养产业发展研究

阐述了森林健康理念和森林康养的基本概念,介绍了森林健康理念和森林康养的发展现状,分析了森林健康与森林康养产业之间的关系。结果表明:森林康养产业的理论基础就是基于森林健康理念继承发展来的,必然会促进森林健康产业的发展。运用森林健康理念指导森林康养产业发展是森林康养产业可持续发展的有效途径,森林健康理念在中国会不断完善和发展,也更有利于中国森林康养产业的发展。展望康养产业,会形成一种新的经济形态,成为国民福祉。     

Soil quality assessments in integrated crop–livestock–forest systems: A review

Integrated crop–livestock–forest is a promising strategy to improve soil quality. It comprises four different integrated farming systems: crop–livestock, crop–forest, forest–livestock and crop–livestock–forest. This work systematically reviewed studies about integrated crop–livestock–forest systems and soil quality. A total of 92 papers were retrieved from the Web of Science—Clarivate Analytics platform, and the following information was analysed: publication year, institution, region of the studied site, type of integrated system, soil type, tillage system, maximum soil depth and the soil quality indicators assessed. Most studies were published in the second half of the 2010s. Brazil is a prominent focus of research about soil quality and integrated crop–livestock–forest systems, with significant contribution from its central and southern regions. The Embrapa was the main publishing institution, present in over one‐third of the studies. Crop–livestock was the most common integrated system, Ferralsols was the most common soil group, and most of the studied soils were clayey. No tillage was the main tillage system. Most studies focused on the topsoil, assessing physical and/or chemical soil quality indicators. More emphasis on biological indicators of soil quality is required, as well as assessments integrating biological, physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. Future works should compare different integrated systems, including assessments deeper in the soil profile, especially in systems with the forest component, and also in sandy and silty soils. Soil quality indicators that have been rarely used should be further tested. Novel indicators should be added to better understand the promotion of soil quality by integrated crop–livestock–forest systems.     

广西某食蟹猴规模化养殖场饮用水和青饲料卫生质量监测

为了对广西某规模化食蟹猴养殖场饮用水和青饲料卫生质量情况进行监测,对饮用水和青饲料进行连续抽样监测,按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》《生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法》和《国家禁用和限用的农药名单》进行检测与评价。结果显示:抽取6份饮用水样检测26项理化指标,有3份不合格,超标率达50.0%,超标指标有浑浊度、肉眼可见物;抽取147份饮用水检测微生物指标,有22份超标,超标率达15.0%,超标微生物指标为细菌总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌;抽取13个品种青饲料48份检测10种禁用农药残留情况,甲胺磷、敌敌畏、乐果、氧化乐果、氰戊菊脂、多菌灵、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、三唑磷、毒死蜱检出率分别为2.1%、0、0、0、0、12.5%、2.1%、12.5%、2.1%、2.1%。说明该规模化食蟹猴养殖场饮用水存在不合格情况,青饲料检出农药残留。     

Body shape variation in two species of darters (Etheostoma,Percidae) and its relation to the environment

Environmental variation can shape phenotypic variation in organisms, but most evidence for trait differentiation comes from analyses of dichotomous habitat types that differ in only one or few key environmental factors. In reality, environmental variation is often more subtle, gradual and multifarious. Here, we investigated geographic variation in body shape of two darter species (Etheostoma spectabile and Etheostoma flabellare; Percidae) that occur along river gradients. This study addressed three specific questions: Is there intraspecific geographic variation in the two species across different sites in the Ozark Highlands of Oklahoma (USA)? Is phenotypic variation across sites correlated with abiotic environmental conditions? Do the two species share site‐specific (i.e. convergent) phenotypic variation in areas where they occur together? Our results indicated significant body shape variation in both species. Population differences in body shape were particularly correlated with variation in substrate composition. The combined analysis of both species indicated a small but significant effect of convergence on body shape wherever they are sympatric; shared variation, however, was not related to any environmental variables included in the analysis. While it remains unclear whether phenotypic variation in these species is due to heritable differentiation or environmentally induced plasticity, our results indicate that even subtle and gradual environmental variation can induce substantial variation in phenotypes on a relatively small spatial scale.     

Effect of dietary protein content on growth rate,survival and body composition of juvenile cauque river prawn,Macrobrachium americanum (Bate 1868)

We determined the effect of four concentrations of dietary crude protein, 30.7, 37.2, 41.8 and 46.8% on growth rate, survival and body composition of the juvenile cauque river prawn (Macrobrachium americanum). The prawns were hatched in the laboratory from the spawn of one wild ovigerous female. Prawns consuming 37.2% crude protein reached a final weight of 0.58 g (feed conversion ratio of 2.15), which was significantly better than the other treatments. Survival was 100% in all treatments. Protein content in the diets had no significant effect on whole body proximate composition and amino acid profile. Juveniles consuming the 37.2% crude protein diet grew faster than those fed the other diets. Specific growth rate was adjusted to the two‐slope broken‐line regression analysis model to estimate the optimal protein requirement. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the 37.2% protein level diet is optimal for juvenile cauque river prawn M. americanum in the experimental conditions of this study.     

Effect of an intensive mechanical removal effort on a population of non‐native rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a South African headwater stream

1. Invasions by non‐native species can compromise the conservation value of otherwise pristine headwater streams. While both developed and developing countries recognize this threat, few of the latter have suitable budgets to implement control programmes.
2. This study assessed the effectiveness of a mechanical project to remove non‐native rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from a 6 km section of the upper Krom River, a small headwater stream in the Cederberg Mountains in South Africa's Cape Floristic Region (CFR).
3. From October 2013 to February 2014, 354 O. mykiss were removed by angling (58%), fyke netting (28%) and gill netting (14%). This resulted in a marked reduction, but not eradication, of the O. mykiss population (fish relative abundance decreased from 0.53 ± 0.09 fish per net per night in October 2013 to 0.21 ± 0.09 fish per net per night in February 2014). Following the cessation of manual removals, the relative abundance of O. mykiss had increased to 0.56 ± 0.18 fish per net per night by March 2016, suggesting that without sustained removal effort, the population will rapidly return to its pre‐removal abundance level.
4. Further work is needed to refine the methodology and test the effectiveness of mechanical removal of non‐native freshwater fish in a variety of ecological settings in the CFR. This approach holds potential for meeting the dual goals of reducing the ecological impacts of non‐native fishes and generating employment opportunities in line with the policy objectives of developing nations.